Binance BSC Successfully Implements Quantum-Resistant Upgrade: Seamless Compatibility with Existing Wallet Addresses, but "Data Explosion" Becomes the Biggest Nightmare for Scaling

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Quantum supremacy is approaching — is blockchain ready? BSC (BNB Smart Chain) today released a major technical report, announcing the successful implementation of a "Post-Quantum Cryptography" migration in its test environment. While this upgrade can perfectly defend against future quantum-cracking threats and user wallet addresses remain entirely unaffected, the heavy cryptographic algorithms also bring side effects: single transaction size has surged 37-fold, causing network TPS to plummet 40%. This defensive battle reveals the dilemma facing blockchain's future: to be secure, you must first solve the scaling crisis of data bloat. (Background: Saving Satoshi Nakamoto's 1.1 million Bitcoin! Paradigm proposes new quantum-resistant solution "PACTs" — prove asset control without transfers) (Context supplement: Solana releases quantum-attack-resistant upgrade roadmap: two major clients lock in the Falcon scheme, ready to adopt post-quantum signature schemes at any time) As quantum computing technology advances, "Shor's algorithm" — capable of breaking the underlying cryptography of current blockchains — hangs like a sword of Damocles over the crypto industry. To prepare for the worst, BNB Smart Chain (BSC) has taken the lead in conducting a real-world drill. Today (14th), BSC officially released a roughly 4-minute read titled "BSC Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration Report." The report details the architectural choices, performance changes, and future challenges of the BSC network after introducing quantum-resistant technology. Officials emphasized that quantum computers are not yet capable of actually breaking production-environment cryptography, and this test is "forward-looking preparation" rather than a response to an immediate threat. Currently, BSC's transaction signatures primarily rely on elliptic curve cryptography based on discrete logarithms (ECDSA secp256k1), which is extremely fragile in the face of quantum computers. To address this, in this test BSC fully replaced transaction signatures with ML-DSA-44 (Dilithium2). This is a Lattice-based signature scheme, and also the only post-quantum digital signature algorithm officially standardized (FIPS 204) by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in August 2024. The reason BSC chose ML-DSA-44 over higher-tier variants is that its security margin is sufficient to handle threats for the next 10 to 20 years, and it has the fastest verification speed, minimizing the impact on on-chain performance. On the consensus voting aggregation side, BSC replaced the original BLS12-381 with pqSTARK technology. For ordinary users, the biggest concern is "Do I need to swap my assets or wallets after the upgrade?" The report gives a reassuring answer: not at all. BSC derives addresses from the new ML-DSA-44 public keys via the keccak-256 hash algorithm, which keeps the address format at the standard 20 Bytes. All RPCs, SDKs, and existing wallets can be seamlessly compatible. In addition, performance at the consensus layer is also impressive. Through pqSTARK technology, the original signatures of 6 validators totaling 14.5 KB are reduced to only about 340 B after aggregation, achieving a compression ratio as high as 43:1, effectively controlling the consensus layer's on-chain data footprint. However, there's no such thing as a free lunch — the biggest Achilles' heel of quantum-resistant cryptography is "massive data size." Test results show that after switching to ML-DSA-44, public key size surged 20-fold, while single transaction signature size soared from 65 B to 2,420 B. This caused a single transaction, originally about 110 B, to balloon to ~2.5 KB (an increase of nearly 37-fold), and a single block size also expanded to about 2 MB (an 18-fold increase). This massive data bloat directly dealt a heavy blow to network throughput: - In cross-region network native transfer tests, TPS (transactions per second) dropped significantly by 40%. - The main reason for the drop was not exhaustion of computational resources, but rather that the transaction size was too large, causing the block's "Byte budget" to hit its limit before the "Gas budget." The report concludes that this migration successfully proves the technical feasibility of BSC integrating post-quantum signatures into the transaction and consensus layers; however, the real challenge ahead lies in how to break through the scaling limits of the network and data layers. Additionally, quantum-resistant upgrades for the P2P handshake protocol and KZG commitments (related to EIP-4844) have been left as future to-do items.

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